Description

Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands with multiple functions, including regulating the body’s metabolism of sugars, fats, and proteins, as well as reducing inflammation. In acute stressful situations, cortisol can enhance physical and mental performance; however, chronically elevated levels can be harmful over time. It’s important to understand that cortisol levels are influenced by more than just stress.

Cortisol levels in the blood (as well as in urine and saliva) fluctuate throughout the day, being affected by various factors such as sleep, diet, exercise, and medication. Typically, cortisol peaks after waking up and is at its lowest during nighttime rest. For this reason, blood cortisol tests are usually conducted in the morning. To accurately monitor cortisol levels over time, it is crucial to take the test at the same time each day.

It’s important to note that cortisol testing does not always provide a clear indication of stress levels due to the many variables involved, such as sleep patterns, dietary habits, physical activity, and medications. Moreover, there is no single “normal” cortisol level, as it varies significantly from person to person and from day to day. Therefore, a single cortisol test cannot reliably indicate long-term stress levels.

High Levels

Elevated cortisol levels are associated with impaired memory function (1) and atrophy of the hippocampus (2)(3). High levels may also result in symptoms such as central obesity (with fat primarily accumulating in the abdomen), a rounded facial appearance, a characteristic bulge at the back of the neck, fragile skin, and increased susceptibility to infections.

Low Level

Significantly low cortisol levels may indicate adrenal insufficiency, known as Addison’s disease. Symptoms of Addison’s include fatigue, weakness, weight loss, low blood pressure, and changes in skin pigmentation. Addison’s disease is a rare condition that requires hospital treatment.